Impact of Smoking on Child Health

Impact of Smoking on Child health surroundings and Hazard -5The Home Environment plays an important role in umteen issues moveing child wellness across the globe. Children in general may be vulnerable and become exposed to various other family unit hazards such as movies to known harmful building materials, chemicals, radon, drinking body of water and well-water and nitrogen dioxide.Poor housing conditions and poor ventilation together with class atmospheric state pollution may similarly increase the endangerments of child rowdy diseases. Indoor exposure to environmental baccy plant good deal (ETS) may also be hazardous and contribute to health consequences like asthma attack attack in those children that ar affected.Full exposure PathwayExposures to baccy have may occur at any level along the entire stages of gentleman development and these may include preconception (maternal and paternal gage), maternalism (maternal smoking and unresisting smoking), infan cy (passive smoking), childhood (passive and active smoking) and young and adulthood (active and passive smoking). 1The key internal exposure pathways and their possible routes for exposure to tobacco smoking that may lead to asthma includeIn utero exposure 2 mainly concerns the maternal exposure to environmental tobacco jackpot(ETS) associated with pregnancy via active or passive smoking.Route Trans placentalMothers who are gravid and are either active pasturagers or passive smokers run a risk of their developing fetus being exposed to the chemical toxi keisterts of tobacco smoke transmitted via the placenta.2 The tobacco smoke constituents are initi aloney inhaled done the respiratory diffuseways to the smaller airways in the lungs (bronchioles) and then absorbed through the slender gas-exchanging airway sacs (alveoli) and into the maternal blood circulation.Indoor air exposure especially second hand smoke, where the children at rest home level are frequently getting ex posed if their family members are smokers. Studies have showed that children are (the two reasons highlighted). 3 Route InhalationActive smoking refers to the active smokers who inhale the undiluted smoke directly into their lungs from the end of cigarette which is called mainstream smoke (MS). 4 Theconstituents ofmainstream smoke are believed to contain higher in doses of tobacco chemicals compared to passive smoking. back up Hand Smoking or Passive smoking- refers to the non-active smokers who mostly inhale what is called second-hand smoke (SHS) which is a mixture of side-stream smoke(SS) comprised of both the smoke from the glowing cigarette and the exhaled air (mainstream smoke).4 Thus, the side-stream smoke is diluted because it contains both the exhaled mainstream smoke and air and may be less in concentration of the tobacco chemical constituents.4Third-hand smoke refers to the surface-deposited tobacco smoke chemical components which may be left in indoor(prenominal) envir onments for periods that allow change to their compositions and render them harmful to humans especially infants and toddlers who ordinarily practice hand-mouth on contaminated surfaces.5asthmaAsthma can be defined as an inflammatory airway disease involving ignition and outrage of airway due to a complex interaction of immune cells and liable(predicate) environmental factors that trigger asthma such as tobacco smoking and second hand smoke. 6Scope and nature of problemAsthma is a very common chronic disease affecting children and is believed to affect almost 300 million people world-wide.7Evidence has shown that the prevalence of asthma has been on the rise in the last 50 years (Ref) with increasing trends storied in the industrialised and developed regions. The increase in the global send of asthma disease ensures that important environmental factors that contribute to asthma are clearly identified for improved intervention and prevention strategies.Risk factors The risk facto rs for asthma that are commonly known include allergies, positive family narration of asthma, cock-roach allergen, environmental tobacco smoke exposure(ETS), and prenatal smoking. 8 The diagram shown down the stairs in figure 1 summarises the early life risk factors for retentive asthma 9. It shows the different pathways in which environmental exposures and genetic predispositions lead to asthma. As illustrated, environmental exposures to tobacco smoke may affect a foetus in prenatal and later postnatal through impairment and inflammation of the lung resulting in asthma.Figure 1 Showing how environmental exposures and genetic predispositions may contribute to asthma in different pathways in early life. antenatal exposures Postnatal exposuresViral URTI spread Severe LRTIRepeated episodesPrimary atopic Allergen unflinchingSensitization exposure inflammationGenetic Predispositions Genetic PredispositionsDisease companionship and hazardStudies in the past and recent have looked at the causative relationship between ETS or second hand smoke and asthma disease and have identified that ETS has been a significant indoor air hazard with the potential to causing serious health consequences such as asthma. GoodwinAccording to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey carried out by World wellness Organization in 2007 (WHO), about 44% of all the children living in the world were exposed to environmental Tobacco smoke at household level. 10An updated meta-analysis study from Surgeon Generals Report (SGR) of the united States (DHHS 2006), a causal relationship between SHS and childhood induction of asthma could not be drawn to conclusion due to insufficient consequence from smaller number of studies. 11 However, a similar dogmatic critical review and meta-analysis study that examined prenatal and passive smoke exposure and asthma incidence at the UK Centre for Tobacco Control studies at University of Nottingham (2011) found that the incidence of wheeze and asthma in childr en and young people increased by 20% when exposed to passive smoking.12Long term implicationsThe health implications of tobacco smoking are well recognized across the globe. The exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) happens across the entire life span of an unmarried and therefore long term implications are inevitable. Persistent asthma can be a long-term implication which adds to the global burden of asthma disease. Identifying the risk factors and aiming for primary prevention through life style changes such as avoiding maternal smoking during pregnancy could help prevent asthma. environmental modifications and lifestyle changes may help reduce risks for asthma.The use of international health guidelines such as the WHO Convention Framework for Tobacco Control (FCTC) 13 may provide benchmarks for health professionals and policy makers to implement strategies and interventions.ReferenceBreton CV, Byun HM, Wenton M, scrap F, Yang A, Gilliland FD. antepartum tobacco smoke ex posure affects global and gene-specific DNA methylaton. Am J Respir Crit care Med 2009 180462-7Sly P, Flack F. Susceptibility of children to environmental pollutants. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008 1140163-83Tung KY, Wu KY, Tsai CH, Su MW, Chen CH, Lin MH, et al. Association of time-location patterns with urinary cotinine among asthmatic children under household environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Environmental research. 2013 1247-12US Department of health and Human Services. The wellness Consequences of spontaneous Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. capital letter DC US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health1986. DHHS Publication No, (CDC) 87-8398Matt GE,Quintana PJ,Destaillats H, et al.Thirdhand tobacco smokeemerging try and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environ Health Perspect 2011 1191218-26Stapleton M, Howard-Thompson A, George C, Hoover RM, Self TH. Smoking and asthma. diary of the American Board of Family practice of medicine JABFM. 201124(3)313-22.The Global Asthma Report 2011.Paris, France.The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.2011.Goodwin RD, Cowles RA. family unit smoking and childhood asthma in the United States a state-level analysis. The Journal of asthma official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 200845(7)607-10.Guilbert TW, Singh AM,Danov Z, et al. Decreased lung determination after preschool wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in children at risk to develop asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 128532-8. e10.WHO, 2007. Only 100% smoke-free environments adequately protect from dangers of second-hand smoke. impertinently WHO policy recommendations point to extensive evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.U.S. DHHS. 2006. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, midsts for Disease Control and Preventi on, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Ofce on Smoking and Health.Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012129(4)735-44Shibuya,K., et al., 2003.Framework Convention on Tobacco Control development of an evidence based global public health treaty. BMJ 327,154-157